بينة مروية عن الإمبراطورية البليمية في الدوديكاسخيونس

1. hrmdoye ne qor ene ariteñ lne mdes ne mni-t (1) kene

2. mk lebne ye re qe-ne q yi-t (2) hl-ne  y es bo he-ne q r lebne tro.

3. s-ne ariteñ net er ek li s-ne d-b li lh ne q r kene qor ene mnpte.

4. s-ne lw-ne qor e yi-ne-t (3) h-ne-m (4) no tene s-ne lw-ne t h-ñ (5) yi-ne qr-ne ariteñ li s-ne.

5. lw-ne qr-ñ yi-ne so-b (6) neh-l b (7) -ine li . s-ne lw-ne        so-b-ñ yi-ne th ne-m ote sl w-ne.

6. th-ñ yi-ne arette (8) ne wos sl w-ne h i ret-te ñ yi-ne hr ph ene mk e do.

7. ke li sl w-ne hr ph e ñ yi-ne. te ri s nem npte ne p d ho s-ne tl-o (9).

8. li s ne  k i d kete tene yimeniye ne qor e-l h-ene yi ti IIII yo to-ne.

9. ptpotekye ne ab-l ene y wi tone s wi d-e-a (10) q to ye-ne. Tep kene ye d ne  mk lne te.

10. pk ene y ey k-ne w ye d ne-te pk ene p y k-ne h i w r nea d o-ne w sne phrs ne t o.

11. m ñ-ne-a s y ne ke d eb h ek y-ne qor-e ti k-ne d i k-ne pilqe y-te ne-b q ok.   

12. lk s-ne sq y-e s-ne nsdoke s-ne tmeyye s-ne nhr e s-ne-b qo b h.

13. simlo k-ne d ik ne pilqe y tene b qo lne pr one dol ene pl w-ne penn-ne t.

14. lte-ne br-ne ph i ñl-ne bh em ine ye de tene-b. ye ke lh d ik ne kdi mlo ye-ne.

15. sq kdi-ne pt p ot...yismeniye ne y sb  e t ne-b er so wi-ne mte ne w s-ne.

16. a y e ken l-ne yt p-ote ne y-e (11) d ne y-kl ene arohetye ne nl ene do lk.

17. mte l-ne pi ke d el wi-ne y-e d ne ptpotekye ne w kdi wi ke tene mte ws.

18. qorh-ne th-ñ y-ene tk lwi-ne y sh e t ne-b er ek-n wi-ne h.

19. r ph ene de te lh l-ne w e ñ-ne y-e d ne w-o p ik ene ti-l (12) ye y ki ne.

20. br lebne ke d e-b h ne. kdi lebne-m ro r lebne s s lebne kb b.

21. tne p d ho s-ne-l (13) h lebne ye h o y (14) -kene y-te tene-m ro r b ene qe.

22. s w-ne-a d er ek ene-m tr-ne w s-ne h r w-ne pilqe kene mt r-ne w s-ne.

23. qor e IIIIIIII hr e s-ne wt e b ne ah ine d e ... kl ene d e .

24. tene we d ine d h ene mte ne kdi ne aqtoyes II wb qo b.

25. tenen wi d o ne hr e s ye qo ne hresye qo ne wid yishteteye qo ne b qo.

26. b h ne s ml ene w si ne tk b tene ste ne we s-ne  b qo b tene.

27. simlo k-ne d ik ne sl el ey tene-m ho ne temey ne nsdoke.

28. kdi a br ne nhbr e s ne kb h ne-m ho li-ne temey li-ne d k-ne.

29. p ro-ne d ol pl w-ne penn tl tene br-ne ph ol e ne b h em ine.

30. ye d e tene hr w-ne-a d o ni li  kete-ne yir e q w nea.

31. r w-ne tere kete-ne hr w-ne sl el e kene-m tr-ne ws yi r-e.

32. q w nea d lo kene-m tr-ne w s-ne ws-ne. qor ene pt si de ne tm ot-ne .    

33. m...es ne...pl-ñ pt mk . i  d ene tm-o t ne ari tel ene w o.

34. pl e .

قام ميليت بعمل رائع بمناقشة النقاط الأساسية لنقش كلابشة، قريبة من من معرفتنا بالمرَّوية فى ستينيات القرن العشرين Millet,1988. أدناه ترجمتنا لنقش كلابشة طالما أصبحنا قادرين الآن على قراءة الكلمات المرَّوية فى النص.

[1] خارامادويه العاهل وزعيم الليفينا أريتن. الابن المعظم والنصير لأماني، أنت (الذى) تمنح الحياة مجدداً (للرجل). [2] رحلة المولى للاستكشاف بالتأكيد تعطي خلق الخير. أفعل (الآن أماني) هو يسافر ليدعم الخير. أجعل الرفاهية تنتفخ (من أجل) قرابين الزعيم، (هو) يرغب بالطبع اصلاح السمو. [3] نصير الخير أريتن ينحني فى وقار (أمام أمانى) ليستدعي رفعة التغذية (لـ) النصراء ليخلفوا تراثاً عظيماً عالياً يبقى خيراً. (يا أماني أمنح حياة مجددة حقاً (لـ) العاهل (و) قائد نبتة العظيم. [4] أرفع (عالياً) الخير (و) مجد العاهل. (أمانى) أنت تهب باستمرار عظمة كبيرة الآن (و) إعادة مولد أمجاد النصراء. ثبت مبتغاه الأبدي العظيم (لفعل) الخير، (يا) أريتن المجيد. [5] ممجداً يبتغي الحياة الأبدية الوفيرة فى هذه اللحظة (كما) هو الطريق السديد. أمنح (له) حياة مجيدة أبدية ووفيرة وثبت الكثير من الخير والاعجاز (لـ) الملك والقائد. [6] انه يثبت تقاليد هارندوتس الخيرة (حورس المنتقم لوالده) (أيا) ايزيس. الملك والقائد يذ(هب) ليقدم البركات ويجمع هنا الخير للأبد. الجلال الكامل (لـ) القائد. تكرم الإله بقبول هبات (خارامادويه). [7] جدد حياة الملك المبجل والقائد ليرتقي الى موهبة الجلال (و) ليمنح الخير الأبدي. هنا المدينة (كلابشة) ترفع عالياً اسم نبتة الخيرة. ابتهل لبقاء ميراث روح النصير القوي (خارامادويه). [8] الابن الخير الممجد، كما هو واجب، يذهب ليخلف ميراثاً (لـ) لمولد حياة مجددة لك (خارامادويه). يمينيه (ملك جديد) يمنح من فضله مقدم العطاء للفقراء العظيم (لخارامادويه) فى رحلته لتنوير (البشرية) عن بعد. يذهب مقدم العطاء للفقراء لينظم 4 (مرات) للانحناء لعودة مولد (خارامادويه). [9] باتابوتكايه الأب الخير (لـ) القائد خلَّف شرفاً حياً (لخارامادويه). فليقف عالياً (الخير الذى) سيترك ميراثاً (الذى) سيعمل ليحفز (_و) يعطي شكلاً للخير. يعلن بصوت نبيل بداية الرحلة (لـ) الخير الموروث. (أيها) الإله الحي، أفلا يستمر قدماً! [10] فلتجعل هدف القائد بمثابة استحسان وجود (لـ) موضوع التضرع. فلتتبع استحسان الوجود لتخلف ميراثاً لنعمتك. أجعل هدفك (فى هذه الغاية) أيها القائد. صلى لتجديد حياة العطاء، تابع بلا تهاون ميراث الأسلاف، لتوجيه ودعم خير فرس. سيبدأ الوصية (الآن). [11] الكثير من الخير سيكون فى وجود الملك. أعمل لتخلف غطاءً عظيماً وتغذية لفعل الخير. الملك يذ(هب) لتنظيم تجديد حياة الخير. أذهب لتخلف ميراثاً خيراً (فى) مكان اقامتنا (فى) فيلة. لقد فعلت الكثير من الأعمال الخيرة (لتعد احيائها الآن). [12] تمت هزيمة الاك الآن، والشاقا (تم) اجتياحهم وهزيمتهم. الناسادوكا هزموا (و) والتاميا (تم) اجتياحهم وهزيمتهم. الناخبار تمت هزيمتهم كلياً تماماً (وبالتالي) تمت استعادة الكثير من العظمة (للبليميين). [13] شيمالو المجددة حياته يخلف ميراثاً فى المكان الطيب حيث (هو) يقيم مؤقتاً فى فيلة الطيبة. شكلت أنت خيراً كثيراً وأعدت الحياة، تضرع دائماً لتعاظم الهبات العظيمة للقائد المستقيم ليقود الخير فى كل مكان لارضاء (الناس). [14] هجرة (خارامادويه) لجلب الخير مع نية مباشرة (عطاء الطعام للفقراء). البا والخا تعلمانا ما هو الطريق (و) تعطيان شكل عودة مولد الهبات. اعطاء شكل لتجديد الحياة العظيمة (الذى) يترك ميراثاً فى هذا المكان الطيب (هو) واجب لب الموروث. [15] نساء الشاقا الطيبات يحمدن ويتوسلن التقدير.... يسامينه هو يثمن ويمنح من فضله تنظيم الخير الكثير ليصنع حياة (لهذا) الشخص المبجل (خارامادويه). لا تغلق الخير وأرشده (الى) النصر. [16] هو يطلب الإذن (لـ) الهجرة ليصبح كفوءاً للهيبة والخير. حياته تُخلف ميراثاً للخير، الموهوب من القائد. أروخيتايه الخير يتراجع عن ما يقدمه القائد (و) [17] ويفك الهجرة. أذهب صلي وأطلب الإذن لتعطي هدية الخير هذه، وجوده يخلف ميراثاً للخير. باتابوتكايه (عليه) واجب التزام الشرف وطلب الإذن (لـ) إعادة مولد (خارامادايه) ليفتح ويكس(يها). [18] الشخصية المثالية للعاهل التى تثبتها المباشرة. بادئاً أمجاده هو يكرس ويمنح الكثير من الخير ليعطي التغذية. شرف عظيم (لـ) الخا. [19] قطعاً بنية عطائك وهباتك السخية الموجودة للارشاد للخير والعطاء، يخلف وجوده ميراثاً للخير يوجه الحياة الى المكان الذى يقيم فيه مؤقتاً القائد. أذهب نظم (الآن) الرحلة (و) أجعلها (فى) حالة جيدة التنظيم. [20] عزز عملية الاصلاح، وأعد احياء هبات البا والخا، واجب اصلاحاته سيفتح حتماً اصلاح الملك. اصلاح الملك تحتاج للكثير. [21] إعادة المولد تتطلب ترك تراث روح النصير (أريتن) اصلاح عظيم، رحلة الخا (هى) لفتح تجديد الحياة. أنت (أريتن) قادرون على إعادة مولده لفتح با القائد. (أيها) الخالق. [22] سيعقب الملك الأعلى تراثاً يعطي سمو نعمته الموجه الى نصير (أريتن) هيبة أعظم (لـ) تجديد حياة فيلة. أطلق باب الخير الفعلي مفتوحاً  (و) أرشده الى النصير. [23] العاهل يمتلك 8 (مرات) السمعة الطيبة (لأي رجل آخر). أمنح النصير من فضلك (و) وأمنح بركة عظيمة للبا الخيرة، لتعلم (البشر كما هو) التقليد. أمنح بالطبع... القدرة على الاحتمال لموروث القائد. [24]

Indeed give...toler(ance) to the Commander's bequeathal. [24] The rebirth gives escort to the donation (as) is the Way; give the Kha almsgiving (and) unlock  Good (for) the good lady Aqtoyesa II (and) guide the Ba to prepare the renewed Ba (for its passage to its new home). [25] Honor the rebirth (of Kharamadoye) to leave a legacy to commence Good and complete dignity (for) the king (on his) journey to restore Good. The honorable and good Khareshaye to leave honor as his legacy. The honorable and good Yiskhateteye desires (its) commence(ment now). [26] The Ba and good Kha props up the spirit of good.  Guide satisfying good to set in motion the Ba's rebirth. The good mother (of Kharamadoye) gives escort to the patron's Ba. Restore the Ba. [27] The revitalized Shimalo leaves a legacy of good (in the ) place of sojourn. Consecrate the king's gift (that) favors his rebirth of the good soul. (Oh) good Temeya (people) and Nasadoke (people). [28] The women and good men of the Nakhabara vouchsafes the good king's desire that his good Kha and soul transmit Good. The Temeya transmits the good donation of the Object of (our) Supplication. [29] Pray the unlock(ing of) Good,the grand donation (possesses ) superior righteous(ness) to spread (and) elevate the rebirth. The Carrier (of the rebirth has) the grand intention to vouchsafe good for the Ba and the Kha to direct (this spread of Good  as) is the tradition. [30] (Kharamadoye is ) capable (of) leaving a legacy (of) complete rebirth. Superior esteem will leave a legacy to commence exalted shinning to ascent indeed eternally. Act to complete his Stewardship. The ascent (of the boon of Good) cleanses the grant of a boon to make guidance (for all) now! [31] Indeed the Commander erects (and) vouchsafes the elevation of superior esteem to consecrate the (King's) gifts to complete his revitalization. (May) eminence dress him forever indeed. [32] Act to guide now the confer(ence) (of) the offering of his eminent revitalization. Guide the patron. Clothe Good to the monarch's almsgiving. Praise the satisfying bequeathal (of Kharadomoye) to produce Approbation and Good. [33] Measure... the manifestation (of) Good...righteous good to praise God. Go give the almsgiving to open (up) the rebirth. Arrange the affirmation (of) Good to elevate the almsgiving to guide open [34] complete praise".

This inscriptions makes it clear that Kharamadoye was recognized  as an important king in Lower Nubia.It would appear from the inscriptions that his father was Patatekaye and his son and successor was Yisameniye or Icemne.

The inscription implies that Patatekaye had been the founder of this Blemmy empire which  Kharamadoye inherited (line 9). To illustrate that Kharamadoye was loyal to Patatekaye's trust

Kharamadoye repeats his victory over the Lak, Shaqa, Nasadoke, Temey and Nakhabara people, and his continued control of Philae and Faras in addition to Shimalo (Kalabsha) in line 12 of the Kalabsha inscription.

In line 8, we discover that Yismeniye was the son of Kharamadoye. Here the father requested that Yimeniye continue to uphold his honor by maintaining the empire founded by his grandfather Patatekaye. In addition we find that Yisameniye was expected to make the proper offerings to the gods, that would assure Kharamadoye's passage to a blessed hereafter.

There is evidence that Yisameniye was successful in maintaining the Blemmy empire. Most researchers believe that the pidgin Greek inscription in Kalabsha of Icemne, probably is a reference to Yisameniye Millet,1988:207.

The Blemmyes remained the major power in Lower Nubia until 450. The Blemmy empire was conquered by the Noubadaes led by King Silko, after there campaigns against the Blemmyes Török,1987:56.  According to the Silko inscription Silko defeated the Blemmyan king Phonen Skeat et al.,1977.

In conclusion, the relationship between the Blemmyan and Meroite people is very contradictory. It is clear from the Kalabsha text, that by the end of the Meroitic period, Blemmyans were recognized not only as "generals of the river" but also monarchs in their own right.

The classical literature makes it clear that while some Blemmyes were enemies of Meroe, other groups were assimilated in the Meroitic empire. This would explain, for example, reports of Meroites and Blemmyes in "mortal combat" in 291; and records dating to 297 detailing the triumph of Diocletian over Meroites and Blemmyes Török,1987b.

The disorders in Lower Nubia and Upper Egypt in the second century which led to the Roman abandonment of this area, may reflect the Blemmyan rise to political importance in Lower Nubia.  Much of the transitional material found in the Dodekaschoines may reflect the permanent settlement of Blemmyes in Lower Nubia along with their king Bruce Williams 1985. This hypothesis would correspond to the increasing influence of the Blemmyes in Lower Nubia beginning in Napatan times, and culminating in the joint Meroite-Blemmy embassy to the court of Constantine Eusebius in 336 [Eusebius, V.C., IV,7.].

The Blemmyes left many inscriptions at Kalabsha. Shimalo may have been the Blemmy name for Kalabsha.

In the Kalabsha inscription Shimalo is described as ik "abode or place of sojourn". This may have been the central city of the Blemmy empire founded by Patatekaye. The hand made pottery of the mid-third century A.D. of Kalabsha may have been made by the acculturated Blemmyes who wrote the Meroitic and pidgin Greek inscriptions found in the temple at Kalabsha Strouhal,1984.

The textual evidence from Kalabsha rejects the hypothesis of Torok that the Blemmyes were primarially nomadic warriors in late Meroitic times. The Kalabsha text discussed above, and the Napatan text make it clear that after the 5th c. B.C. the Blemmyes were becoming more and more numerous in Lower Nubia. This complements the classical and Meroitic evidence that make it clear that the Blemmyes were a major political power in Lower Nubia prior to the 5th c. A.D.

The Kalabsha text supports Dafa'alla's view that many of the Blemmyes were urban dwellers and that the Blemmy Kings probably had a capital at Shimalo.  This is consistent with the view that the Blemmyes were the dominant Aethiopian group as early as the 1st c. A.D. in Lower Nubia.

APPENDIX : Kalabsha Lexical Items

Below is a list of the Meroitic lexical items found in the Kalabsha (REM 094) inscription. The Meroitic script has 23 signs. The Meroitic script is a syllabic writing system. Each Meroitic consonant except when followed by the vowel sign /i/, /o/ and /e/ represents the consonant sound plus the vowel /a/. In the vocabulary items listed below we did not add the /a/ sound to the transliteration of the Meroitic characters . There are four syllables in Meroitic ne, se, te and to are represented by separate sounds.

The Kalabsha inscription is written in the late Meroitic style. Late Meroitic has the VSO pattern [Winters, 'Inscriptions of Tanydamani', passim.] .

The Meroitic language include both prefixes and suffixes, but, suffixes are used extensively in the writing. The popular sentence pattern in late Meroitic inscriptions is -->VP NP or     S--> VP NP VP. For example,

wto si  lit. to guide you satisfaction

"You guide (me) to satisfaction".

terike  lo  wi-ne  s  lit. Fashion dispatch the Awe patron

"Fashion (and) dispatch the Awe of the patron".

Meroitic was probably a lingua franca used by the Meroites to unite the diverse ethnic groups which lived in the Meroitic empire. Although much of the vocabulary of Archaic Meroitic was used to write Late Meroitic text, the Late Meroitic structure is less complicated than Archaic Meroitic.

Many Meroitic words are homophone signs. A homophone sign has the same phonetic value as another. The interchangeable Meroitic homophones include  b=/=p, t=/=d, k=/=g, s=/=s and

n=/=ñ , e.g., tb / tp 'announce in a lofty voice'.

The Meroitic separator sign (:) has the phonetic value -ne. This sign in the Meroitic script was used to change verbs into nouns, or signify the word "good". The element -ne-, although it is occasionally used in the initial formation of words, the separator sign -ne, was primarially used as a suffix.

Word List

A

a₁, intensive prefix 'to'; element used to form the future tense

a₂, third person suffix 'he, it, she'.

ari, affirmation

ah, teach, to learn, to study

ab, ancestor, father

arrette,  Harendotes (Horus the Avenger of his father)

Ariteñ, name of a god

B

b, Ba (aspect of Man)

b₂, plural element, 'many, much , abundant

bo, all; to swell, to inflate

br₁, man men

br₂, sustain, bring

bh, mature, ripe

D

d, give, bequeath; to leave a legacy

db, leave a grand legacy

de, indeed; give the offering

do, donation, offering; consecrate

E

e₁, vouchsafe; give; grant a boon

e₂, masculine nominative singular accusative suffix for

e₃, complete, complement; register

e-t, vouchsafe the arrangement

eb, cover

el, gift

e-ne, almsgiving

ek, nourishment

ene, Commander, Chief;

em, to teach; to direct

es, welfare, manisfestation

es, welfare, manifestation

ey, favor

H

h, kha

h, great; h-ne 'greatness'

h,  offer alms

hr, dignity

er, produce, evoke

H

h, offering; grand, great

hl, support

ho, soul

hr , repute, esteem

I

i, go

ine, tradition, (as) is the Way

ik, place, spot, ; abode, sojourn, place where (one) sojours

K

k, as is obligatory,k-ne, Object of supplication

kb, to desire

ke, to revitalize; ask permission

kene, origination, revitalization

ketene, ascent

ki, the order, work

kdi, lady; duty

kl, tolerate, bear; borne

L

-l, meroitic ending particle;

l, verb "to be" ; lne 'living, existence'

leb, to restore; leb-ne "restoration".

li, exalted; li-ne 'transmittal, transmit,

lh, behold;  grand, great

lk, Lak , a tribal name

lk, behold

lte, transmigration

lw, to have glory; lw-ne, gloriy

M

m₁ ,measure,; great

m₂, much, many

m₃, third person singular maculine pronoun him , his

mde₁, great son mde₂, proceed, progressively

mk, lord, god

ml, spirit

mlo, innerheart

mni, Amani, a Meroitic god

mt, break open

mte, unlock

N

nea, now

neb, much good

ne, good; intruth

nem, incline

neh, at this moment

net, bow in reverence

ni, shinning

Nsdoke, Nasadoke ( a tribal name)

Nhbr, Nkhabara (tribal name)

nl, retire

Ñ

ñ₁, good              

ñ₂, third person personal pronoun 'his, him'

ñ-ne, goodness

:

-ne, good

-ne,particle used to change verbs into nouns

O

o, commence, begin, open ; o-ne, genesis

ok, produce

ol, grand

ot, to esteem; ot-ne 'approbation'

ote, admiration, wonder

P

p, beg, solicit, pray

penn, span, extend, spread;  penn-ne 'everywhere'

pi, go pray

pilqe, Philae

pk, take aim

pl, praise, righteous; pl-ñ 'righteous good'

ph, with the intention; to aspire

phrs, Faras

pt, praise

Q

q, make, form; act;  desire

qe creation, qe-ne Creator

qo, honorable, restore

qor, monarch

R

r, indeed, certainly

re, indeed; give indeed

ri, city

ro, unlock

rone, unlocking good

S

s, son; to protect , to support; s-ne prop up

sne, Protector

sl, consecrate

ste, mother

S

s, King, patron ; to protect, to support

sne, defeated, destroyed

so, life, to live

si, satisfy

sh, to consecrate

sh, spirit body

sq, Shaqa (a tribal group)

T

t₁, here

t₂, third personal pronoun 'he, it, her'

t₃, to arrange, to establish

ti, go arrange

tke, set in motion

tk, set in motion

tl, elevate; tl-o 'upstanding'

tm, to produce, to be born; tm-o 'open up the rebirth

Tmey, Tameya ( a tribal group)

tr, to be eminent, tr-o 'emminence';tr-ne "Eminent"

Te

-te, second person pronoun usually used with males 'you, your'

te, to place, to put

tene, rebirth

tel, to elevate,

tep, to announce in a lofty voice

ter, to erect

To

-to, second personal feminine suffix 'you, your'

to, light, to initiate, to kindle; to shine; tone vigorous

toh, to establish

W

w, to guide, to leade, to steer; w-ne "Commander, Steward, Chief;

w-o, 'steering, guiding'

wb, to prepare

we, to give escort

wi, honor; wi-ne "Object of Respect, Awe'; good honor'

wid, leave honor as the legacy

ws, dress, clothe

wt, place, put

Y

y, to make, to form

ye, to be capable

y-ne, form good

yi, to travel, to journey

yi-ne, progressively; eternal

yir, cleanse, purify

yete, it is capable

Notes   

(1) This -t suffix is used to form the Meroitic adverb 'here', it can also serve as the Meroitic 3rd person singular suffix 'he,she,it'. 

(2) This is use of the Meroitic -t element to form the 3rd person singular 'he'.

(3) Here we see use of the -t suffix to form the second person singular suffix 'you, your'.

(4) This -m suffix is sued in Meroitic to form the plural: 'much,many'.

(5) This is the 3rd person singular suffix 'he,it,she'.

(6) This -b suffix is used to form the plural in Meroitic.

(7) This b- prefix is used to form the imperfect in Meroitic.

(8) Millet believes that this word arette, may relate to Harendotes or Horus the avenger of his father.

(9) This -o suffix is used to  change Meroitic nouns into adjectives, e.g., qo 'act', qo-o 'acting'; w 'to guide',

w-o 'guiding'. The Meroitic adjectives are placed behind the noun.

(10) The -a- affix has many uses in Meroitic. It can be used to form the preterit e.g., lo 'to dispatch', lo-a 'dispatched'; the plural e.g., Qoshne 'Kushite', Qoshne-a "Kushites'; and also the Meroitic subjunctive or future tense e.g., d e 'leave a legacy', d-e-a 'will leave a legacy'.

(11) This -e suffix is used to form the  singular nominative accusative in Meroitic.

(12) The -l element in Meroitic denotes the verb 'to be'.

(13) This -l, is the Meroitic ending particle.

(14) This -y is sued as an intensive prefix in Meroitic.

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