The Sinarian Funj Kingdom

Kagbe Castle below Meroe, view from the north

[Figure 1] Place names in the first century AD, most of the names are from Pliny and questionable locations: Sini to Kawa

[Figure 2] Al-Mahs and North Dongola Al-Mahas and North Dongola

[Figure 3] Place names in the first century AD, most of the names are from Pliny and questionable sites: Great Bend of the Nile

[Figure 4] A graph of distances as reported by Nero's soldiers, taken from Pliny A chart of distances as reported by Nero's soldiers, taken from Pliny

[Figure 5] Meroe to Symbobites, citing Pliny and Ptolemy Meroe even Symbobites, citing Pliny and Ptolemy

[Figure 6] Blue Nile, Rifaa to Sennar

[Figure 7] Places and tribes in the intermediate Funj periods: Qena to Al-Damir, (caravan stations on the Al-Aidab road from a map dating back to the 15th century are called Aegyptus Nouveau, where Lagita is called Lakhita and Cyprit is called Sabrit)

[Plate 10] The Trench in 1822, quoted by Linant de Belfond

[Plate 11] The eastern outer corner of the Old Dongola Church

[Plate 12] Duvar Castle, quoted by Linant de Belfond, 1821

[Plate 13a] The Castle of the Shendi Kings, quoted by Hoskins, 1833

[Plate 13b] Hattana Castle, quoted by Linan de Belfond, 1821

[Plate 2a] A strange tomb in Qarya

[Plate 2b] Christian column capital from Soba, currently in the Sudan National Museum of Antiquities in Khartoum

[Plate 3a] Sand buries the eastern bank of the Nile facing Komi Island, south of the trench

[Plate 3b] The Christian Church in Old Dongola (western slope of the hill)

[Plate 6] Qasr and Dunmeri, to the south of Dongola Al-Aridi; The northern slope of the tower, showing red brick and stone construction, with a wooden architrave. To the right there was another window, now blocked

[Plate 7] Dunmere Manor; Semi-conical tower of green brick to the southwest, and the southern corner of the (external) wall is of green brick

[Plate 4a] Bear ferry

[Plate 4b] The other (north or right) bank near Qushabi

[Plate 5a] The Castle of the King of Tambul on the Island of Arqu, quoted by Hoskins, 1833

[Plate 5b] Castle and Dunmere looking south-east

[Plate 8] The ditch; The castle wall shows the bond of the green brick outer shell with an inner wall of rough stone

[trench; A semi-circular tower in the western wall, facing north